Thymosin Alpha-1 5mg

Thymosin Alpha-1 — Research Overview

Thymosin Alpha-1 peptide, also known as Thymosin Alpha, TA1, or T α 1, is a fragment of a protein molecule that has been widely studied for its potential implications with the immune system. Researchers have hypothesized that it contributes to the production of T-cells to mitigate and alleviate infection and bacterial spread.(1)Thymosin Alpha-1 is a naturally occurring polypeptide that is considered by researchers to potentially restore and enhance immune functions.(2) Thymosin Alpha-1 is considered to be one of the polypeptides found in Thymosin Fraction 5, which is a crude extract of the thymus gland.(3)Since its discovery, a synthetically developed form of Thymosin Alpha-1 has also been studied, researchers refer to the peptide as Thymalfasin.(2) Thymalfasin is composed of 28 amino acids, similar to the naturally occurring Tα 1, and is derived from a longer polypeptide precursor composed of 113 amino acids, known as Prothymosin Alpha.(3)

Overview

The main aim of initial research into Thymosin Alpha-1(4) was to understand and examine the immunomodulating potential of the peptide. Studies have suggested that the peptide may increase the concentration of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and cytokine production, which may possibly lead to increased immune responses. The peptide may also enhance the activity of natural killer cells and foster the expression of phenotypic markers on T cells, suggesting a multi-faceted role in modulating the immune response. The researchers posited that the peptide may also increase the expression of high-affinity receptors for interleukin-2. This could potentially lead to a more vigorous activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes.Researchers speculate that Thymosin Alpha-1 may stimulate possible action by targeting the T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cell populations.(3) Tα 1 may possibly induce differentiation of the T-cells (thymocytes) and the terminal differentiation of the blood lymphocytes. Scientists posit that it may elevate the production of the natural killer cells and potentially stimulate cytokine mediated inflammation.(2)(3) Furthermore, the peptide has been studied for its potential to enhance efficiency of macrophages and functions as the modulator of the alpha thrombin activity.(3)

Chemical Characteristics

Research and Clinical Studies

Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide and Immune System

In a clinical study,(5) 11 test subjects with different immune system dysfunctions were evaluated for the levels of their natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) present in their system. It was noted that the immunodeficient subjects demonstrated the mean LAK-cell activity of approximately 65% as compared to the control subjects. Upon presenting Thymosin Alpha-1 to the test subjects, researchers observed that it did not significantly improve the levels of NK or LAK cells. Only 3 test subjects were reported to exhibit improved LAK-cell activity by up to 30% whereas others were not significantly impacted.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide and Hepatitis

Clinical trials were conducted in test subjects with liver complications, with some exhibiting Hepatitis B & C. Tα 1 was presented to the subjects to explore its potential mechanism of action on these complications.(2) For subjects exhibiting Hepatitis B, it was reported by the research team that when these subjects were presented with Thymosin Alpha-1 twice a week for the duration of the study, the reported virological response rate of the subjects appeared increased by 40.6%. For Hepatitis C, subjects reportedly exhibited improved results when Tα 1 was present in combination with interferon alpha compounds…

Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide and Sepsis

In a 2015 study,(6) a meta-analysis was conducted where all the relevant clinical trials prior to 2014 were analyzed to understand the possible mechanism of Thymosin Alpha-1 in relation to the sepsis reaction…

Thymosin Alpha-1 Research with HIV

A study(7) consisted of a randomized phase II open-label clinical trial on 20 clinically stable test subjects. These patients were already undergoing highly active antiretroviral (HAART)…

Thymosin Alpha-1 and Cancer Cells

In a study,(8) the levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored in test models after the presentation of Tα 1. During this study, Thymosin Alpha-1 was presented in mice with liver carcinoma…

Thymosin Alpha-1 peptide is available for research and laboratory purposes only. Please review and adhere to our Terms and Conditions before ordering.

Thymosin Alpha-1 — References

• British Society for Immunology. Immunodeficiency. Published March 2017.https://www.immunology.org/policy-and-public-affairs/briefings-and-position-statements/immunodeficiency
• Dominari, A., Hathaway III, D., Pandav, K., Matos, W., Biswas, S., Reddy, G., Thevuthasan, S., Khan, M. A., Mathew, A., Makkar, S. S., Zaidi, M., Fahem, M. M. M., Beas, R., Castaneda, V., Paul, T., Halpern, J., & Baralt, D. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Virology. 2020;9(5):67–78.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7747025/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16130571, Thymalfasin. PubChem.https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thymalfasin
• Garaci, E. Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:14–20.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17567941/
• Eckert, K., Schmitt, M., Garbin, F., Wahn, U., & Maurer, H. R. Thymosin alpha 1 effects, in vitro, on lymphokine-activated killer cells from patients with primary immunodeficiencies: preliminary results. International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1994;16(12):1019–1025.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7705963/
• Li, C., Bo, L., Liu, Q., & Jin, F. Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015;33:90–96.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532482/
• Chadwick, D., Pido-Lopez, J., Pires, A., Imami, N., Gotch, F., Villacian, J. S., Ravindran, S., & Paton, N. I. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003;134(3):477–481.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808897/
• Qin, Y., Chen, F. D., Zhou, L., & Gong, X. G. Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of thymosin alpha1 on cells are associated with manipulation of cellular ROS levels. Chemical Biology Interactions. 2009;180(3):383–388.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19442654/
• Kharazmi-Khorassani, J., & Asoodeh, A. Thymosin alpha-1; a natural peptide inhibits cellular proliferation, cell migration, the level of reactive oxygen species and promotes the activity of antioxidant enzymes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (A549). Environmental Toxicology. 2019;34(8):941–949.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31067016/

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